Editing Redundancy Principle (section)

== '''Design Implications''' ==
In multimedia learning materials, such as narrated videos or animations, learning designers can apply the redundancy principle by eliminating on-screen text that corresponds with narration and images. For example, while teaching students about memory through a multimedia lesson, educators may opt to use only audio commentary and graphics to explain concepts. In fact, previous studies surrounding the teaching of memory through computer-based multimedia lessons have shown that students presented with only audio and computer graphics outperformed those presented with audio, graphics, and redundant on-screen text on tests of learning transfer<ref name=":0" />. 

However, studies have shown that when printed text is concise or there are no concurrent graphics presented in the multimedia, redundant verbal information may actually support learning since split attention effects have been minimized<ref name=":0" />. In animations, split attention may also be reduced by removing any motion associated with on-screen text, minimizing some of the negative effects on learning transfer associated with verbal redundancy<ref name=":3" />. In other words, before fully eliminating verbally redundant material, learning designers should consider whether the specific presentation of text and graphics in their multimedia content unnecessarily splits attention.