Mayer's Principles in Multimedia Learning

Principles of Multimedia Learning

Goal	Principle	Description
Basic principle	Multimedia Principle	People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone
	Multiple Representation Principle	Using diverse representations of information that help students learn more effectively
	Expertise Reversal Principle	Instructional guidance beneficial for novice learners can become redundant or detrimental for more knowledgeable learners' processing
Minimize extraneous processing	Coherence principle	Eliminate extraneous material
	Signaling Principle	Highlight essential material
	Redundancy Principle	Do not add printed text to spoken text
	Spatial Contiguity Principle	Do not add printed text to spoken text
	Temporal Contiguity Principle	Present narration and corresponding graphic simultaneously
Manage essential processing	Segmenting principle	Break presentation into parts
	Pre-training Principle	Describe names and characteristics of key elements before the lesson
	Modality Principle	Use spoken rather than printed text
Fostering Generative Processing	Multimedia principle	Use words and pictures rather than words alone
	Personalization principle	Put words in conversational style
	Voice Principle	Use human voice for spoken words
	Embodiment principle	Give onscreen characters human-like gestures
	Emotion Design principle	Make onscreen elements prime positive emotion
	Generative Activity principle	Provide prompts for learning strategies
	Guided discovery principle	Provide hints and feedback as learner solves problems
	Mapping principle	Ask learners to create a graphic organizer or concept map
	Self-Explanation Principle	Ask learners to explain a lesson to themselves
	Drawing principle	Ask learners to make drawings for the lesson
	Imagination principle	Ask learners to imagine drawings for the lesson