Mayer's Principles in Multimedia Learning

Principles of Multimedia Learning

Goal	Principle	Description
Basic principle	Multimedia Principle	People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone
	Multiple Representation Principle	Using diverse representations of information that help students learn more effectively
	Expertise Reversal Principle	Provide differential instructions for knowledgeable experts, and not the same as novice learners
Minimize extraneous processing	Coherence Principle	Eliminate extraneous material
	Signaling Principle	Highlight essential material
	Redundancy Principle	Do not add printed text to spoken text
	Spatial Contiguity Principle aka Cueing Principle	Do not add printed text to spoken text
	Temporal Contiguity Principle	Present narration and corresponding graphic simultaneously
	Split Attention Principle	Present an integrated format of disparate sources of information
	Worked Example Principle	Provide problem formulation and solution to help gain initial cognitive skill acquisition
Manage essential processing	Segmenting Principle	Break presentation into parts
	Pre-Training Principle	Describe names and characteristics of key elements before the lesson
	Modality Principle	Use spoken rather than printed text
	Transient Information Principle	Help comprehensive processing of spoken information or animations in learners’ working memory and integration with prior knowledge in long-term memory
Social and Affective Features of Multimedia Learning	Personalization Principle	Put words in conversational style
	Voice Principle	Use human voice for spoken words
	Embodiment Principle	Give onscreen characters human-like gestures
	Immersion Principle	Incorporate multimedia design principles in immersive virtual environments
	Collaboration Principle	Strike a balance between advantages of learning in collaborative activities and mental effort required in its coordination
	Embodiment Principle	Give onscreen characters human-like gestures
	Emotion Design Principle	Make onscreen elements prime positive emotion
Fostering Generative Processing	Generative Activity Principle	Provide prompts for learning strategies
	Guided discovery Principle	Provide hints and feedback as learner solves problems
	Mapping Principle	Ask learners to create a graphic organizer or concept map
	Self-Explanation Principle	Ask learners to explain a lesson to themselves
	Drawing Principle	Ask learners to make drawings for the lesson
	Imagination Principle	Ask learners to imagine drawings for the lesson