| Goal |
Principle |
Description
|
| Basic principle |
Multimedia Principle |
People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone
|
|
Multiple Representation Principle |
Using diverse representations of information that help students learn more effectively
|
|
Expertise Reversal Principle |
Provide differential instructions for knowledgeable experts, and not the same as novice learners
|
| Minimize extraneous processing |
Coherence Principle |
Eliminate extraneous material
|
|
Signaling Principle |
Highlight essential material
|
|
Redundancy Principle |
Do not add printed text to spoken text
|
|
Spatial Contiguity Principle aka Cueing Principle |
Do not add printed text to spoken text
|
|
Temporal Contiguity Principle |
Present narration and corresponding graphic simultaneously
|
|
Split Attention Principle |
Present an integrated format of disparate sources of information
|
|
Worked Example Principle |
Provide problem formulation and solution to help gain initial cognitive skill acquisition
|
| Manage essential processing |
Segmenting Principle |
Break presentation into parts
|
|
Pre-Training Principle |
Describe names and characteristics of key elements before the lesson
|
|
Modality Principle |
Use spoken rather than printed text
|
|
Transient Information Principle |
Help comprehensive processing of spoken information or animations in learners’ working memory and integration with prior knowledge in long-term memory
|
| Social and Affective Features of Multimedia Learning |
Personalization Principle |
Put words in conversational style
|
|
Voice Principle |
Use human voice for spoken words
|
|
Embodiment Principle |
Give onscreen characters human-like gestures
|
|
Immersion Principle |
Incorporate multimedia design principles in immersive virtual environments
|
|
Collaboration Principle |
Strike a balance between advantages of learning in collaborative activities and mental effort required in its coordination
|
|
Embodiment Principle |
Give onscreen characters human-like gestures
|
|
Emotion Design Principle |
Make onscreen elements prime positive emotion
|
| Fostering Generative Processing |
Generative Activity Principle |
Provide prompts for learning strategies
|
|
Guided discovery Principle |
Provide hints and feedback as learner solves problems
|
|
Mapping Principle |
Ask learners to create a graphic organizer or concept map
|
|
Self-Explanation Principle |
Ask learners to explain a lesson to themselves
|
|
Drawing Principle |
Ask learners to make drawings for the lesson
|
|
Imagination Principle |
Ask learners to imagine drawings for the lesson
|
